西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：免費看黃網站APP網址:www.scdclw.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是免費看黃網站APP網址:西(xi)安(an)鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理化學性(xing)質及其(qi)分(fen)類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而且(qie)又是(shi)(shi)常被應用得(de)得(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學符號是(shi)(shi)Cu、原子序數是(shi)(shi)29、原子量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：2582℃，抗拉(la)強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟而韌(ren)，其(qi)(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更(geng)易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，不能做(zuo)(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)(du)層，會和(he)(he)空氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用生(sheng)成(cheng)褐(he)色(se)(se)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)(he)空氣中(zhong)二氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳作(zuo)用形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和(he)(he)空氣中(zhong)氯形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)(du)層具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以可(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)金屬(shu)之底鍍(du)(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)(du)層可(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)防(fang)止滲碳氮(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄(zhu)件電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)，容易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)量僅(jin)次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而熔點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)，容易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)。所以鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)絕大部分(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言(yan)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)(se)澤渾厚(hou)、穩重，可(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)(he)各種(zhong)裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種(zhong)環(huan)境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大型壁畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)，又可(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)綴裝飾。所以這種(zhong)工(gong)藝(yi)受到很(hen)多藝(yi)術(shu)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛(ai)，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)許多壁畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金屬(shu)錫冶煉而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較(jiao)硬，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變形(xing)(xing)，所以一(yi)(yi)(yi)般只(zhi)適于(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些折皺少、大塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里(li)加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后(hou)熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要(yao)比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)，有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定準確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并(bing)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)華(hua)貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
二、免費看黃網站APP網址:西安鍛銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅經過不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感。銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)集材質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學(xue)習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)需要從這三者入手，即使(shi)是(shi)藝(yi)術(shu)欣賞也(ye)是(shi)需要這三方面來進行，如果只是(shi)從一個(ge)方面就很難了解和(he)(he)把握銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅材料和(he)(he)不同(tong)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)、結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)對加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也(ye)不同(tong)。所以成型(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作(zuo)方法主(zhu)要包括鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大(da)加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而(er)且在裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)方面還主(zhu)要有鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀三大(da)類。
（一(yi)）鑄造(zao)工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造工藝是銅雕塑的(de)最古老的(de)成型(xing)工藝之一，它的(de)加工方法是首先要用黏土或者(zhe)其它可塑材(cai)料做(zuo)出原(yuan)型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)，之后進(jin)行澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)材(cai)料的(de)不同(tong)，主要分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造、金(jin)屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造）。
1、陶范(fan)鑄造
它是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)技術之一(yi)(yi)，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在商(shang)代(dai)就(jiu)熟練地掌(zhang)握了(le)(le)(le)這種工藝，并用(yong)此工藝制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅藝術珍(zhen)品(pin)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)首(shou)先(xian)是(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)”是(shi)指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選(xuan)細黏土敷在模型上，待半干時(shi)分(fen)塊取下陰干，干透的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)再(zai)經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視造(zao)(zao)(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜程(cheng)度而定。如果(guo)要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑或器物，在做好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)后還要(yao)(yao)做陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)與(yu)(yu)內范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)距離就(jiu)是(shi)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)做好(hao)(hao)澆注口(kou)和(he)出氣孔。最后把內、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)合(he)起(qi)來，并敷上泥(ni)層(ceng)進行加固。做好(hao)(hao)上述工作(zuo)(zuo)，即可以熔(rong)銅澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)。對于(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)(fa)一(yi)(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型，因此需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。比如全身人(ren)像(xiang)雕塑，我(wo)(wo)們將其頭(tou)與(yu)(yu)身體(ti)、四(si)肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)(hao)暫(zan)不拿(na)出，再(zai)與(yu)(yu)軀(qu)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)對接(jie)起(qi)來，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干時(shi)四(si)肢便與(yu)(yu)軀(qu)干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)了(le)(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營免費看黃網站APP網址:鍛銅雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理化學性(xing)質及其(qi)分(fen)類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而且(qie)又是(shi)(shi)常被應用得(de)得(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學符號是(shi)(shi)Cu、原子序數是(shi)(shi)29、原子量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：2582℃，抗拉(la)強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟而韌(ren)，其(qi)(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更(geng)易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，不能做(zuo)(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)(du)層，會和(he)(he)空氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用生(sheng)成(cheng)褐(he)色(se)(se)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)(he)空氣中(zhong)二氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳作(zuo)用形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和(he)(he)空氣中(zhong)氯形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)(du)層具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以可(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)金屬(shu)之底鍍(du)(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)(du)層可(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)防(fang)止滲碳氮(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄(zhu)件電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)，容易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)量僅(jin)次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而熔點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)，容易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)。所以鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)絕大部分(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言(yan)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)(se)澤渾厚(hou)、穩重，可(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)(he)各種(zhong)裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種(zhong)環(huan)境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大型壁畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)，又可(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)綴裝飾。所以這種(zhong)工(gong)藝(yi)受到很(hen)多藝(yi)術(shu)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛(ai)，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)許多壁畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金屬(shu)錫冶煉而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較(jiao)硬，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變形(xing)(xing)，所以一(yi)(yi)(yi)般只(zhi)適于(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些折皺少、大塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里(li)加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后(hou)熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要(yao)比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)，有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定準確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并(bing)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)華(hua)貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
銅經過不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感。銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)集材質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學(xue)習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)需要從這三者入手，即使(shi)是(shi)藝(yi)術(shu)欣賞也(ye)是(shi)需要這三方面來進行，如果只是(shi)從一個(ge)方面就很難了解和(he)(he)把握銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅材料和(he)(he)不同(tong)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)、結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅制(zhi)雕(diao)塑(su)對加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也(ye)不同(tong)。所以成型(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作(zuo)方法主(zhu)要包括鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大(da)加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而(er)且在裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)方面還主(zhu)要有鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀三大(da)類。
（一(yi)）鑄造(zao)工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造工藝是銅雕塑的(de)最古老的(de)成型(xing)工藝之一，它的(de)加工方法是首先要用黏土或者(zhe)其它可塑材(cai)料做(zuo)出原(yuan)型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)，之后進(jin)行澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造模型(xing)材(cai)料的(de)不同(tong)，主要分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造、金(jin)屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造）。
1、陶范(fan)鑄造
它是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)技術之一(yi)(yi)，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在商(shang)代(dai)就(jiu)熟練地掌(zhang)握了(le)(le)(le)這種工藝，并用(yong)此工藝制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅藝術珍(zhen)品(pin)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)首(shou)先(xian)是(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)”是(shi)指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選(xuan)細黏土敷在模型上，待半干時(shi)分(fen)塊取下陰干，干透的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)再(zai)經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視造(zao)(zao)(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜程(cheng)度而定。如果(guo)要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑或器物，在做好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)后還要(yao)(yao)做陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)與(yu)(yu)內范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)距離就(jiu)是(shi)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)做好(hao)(hao)澆注口(kou)和(he)出氣孔。最后把內、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)合(he)起(qi)來，并敷上泥(ni)層(ceng)進行加固。做好(hao)(hao)上述工作(zuo)(zuo)，即可以熔(rong)銅澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)。對于(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)(fa)一(yi)(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型，因此需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。比如全身人(ren)像(xiang)雕塑，我(wo)(wo)們將其頭(tou)與(yu)(yu)身體(ti)、四(si)肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)(hao)暫(zan)不拿(na)出，再(zai)與(yu)(yu)軀(qu)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)對接(jie)起(qi)來，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干時(shi)四(si)肢便與(yu)(yu)軀(qu)干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)了(le)(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營免費看黃網站APP網址:鍛銅雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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